Progress on the metabolic rules and detection methods for okadaic acid related toxins in biological samples

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1123.2019.10016

Abstract

Abstract:

In recent years, red tide pollution in China has become increasingly serious, leading to a number of shellfish poisoning cases, thereby posing a threat to human health and safety. Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogs (dinophysistoxins, DTXs) are the most widely distributed diarrhetic shellfish poisons, which result in acute diarrheal toxicity and various types of chronic toxicity. It is imperative to establish a method for determination of OA related toxin residues in biological fluid samples, so that accurate diagnosis of poisoning in patients is possible. The present paper briefly introduced the main physicochemical properties, poisoning incidents, toxicological effects for the toxins, also summarized recent progress on the metabolic rules and detection methods for OA related toxins in biological samples.

Key words: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), in vivo metabolism, okadaic acid (OA), biological samples, review

Lü Ying, ZHOU Zhigang, CHEN Si, ZHANG Xiaojun. Progress on the metabolic rules and detection methods for okadaic acid related toxins in biological samples[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2020, 38(6): 621-626.

Figures/Tables 3

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Year	Location of outbreak	Patients involved	Frequency	Ref.
1961-1981	Netherlands	not mentioned	5	^{[4, 5]}
1970-2004	Chile	>1500	>4	^{[6, 7]}
1976-1982	Japan	>1300	>34	^[8]
1978-1981	Spain	>5000	>3	^[9]
1980-2011	USA	>3496	5	^{[9, 10]}
1984-2009	France	>12000	>13	^{[11, 12]}
1990-2002	Denmark	>800	>3	^[9]
1990-2011	Canada	78	2	^{[13, 14]}
1997-2019	UK	125	3	^[15-17]
1997-2000	Australia	123	3	^[18]
2000	Greece	120	1	^[19]
2002	Belgium	403	1	^[20]
2011	China	>200	1	^[21]
2019	Brazil	9	1	^[22]

Year	Location of outbreak	Patients involved	Frequency	Ref.
1961-1981	Netherlands	not mentioned	5	^{[4, 5]}
1970-2004	Chile	>1500	>4	^{[6, 7]}
1976-1982	Japan	>1300	>34	^[8]
1978-1981	Spain	>5000	>3	^[9]
1980-2011	USA	>3496	5	^{[9, 10]}
1984-2009	France	>12000	>13	^{[11, 12]}
1990-2002	Denmark	>800	>3	^[9]
1990-2011	Canada	78	2	^{[13, 14]}
1997-2019	UK	125	3	^[15-17]
1997-2000	Australia	123	3	^[18]
2000	Greece	120	1	^[19]
2002	Belgium	403	1	^[20]
2011	China	>200	1	^[21]
2019	Brazil	9	1	^[22]

Toxin classifica- tion	Analyte	Matrix	Extraction solvent	Purification method	Analytical column	Quantitative range/ (ng/mL)	LOD/ (ng/mL)	Ref.
TTX: tetrodotoxin; STX: saxitoxin; NEO: neosaxitoxin; DA: domoic acid; MC: microcystin; MeOH: methanol; ACN: acetonitrile; AA: acetic acid; SCX: strong citation exchange; CBA: carboxyl bonded amide; PCX: polymer citation exchange; PA: polyamide; WCX: weak citation exchange; CCX: carboxyl citation exchange; PAX: polymer anion exchange; -: not mentioned.
DSP	OA, DTX-1, DTX-2	urine	V_sample:V_MeOH=1:4	SPE (C18 cartridge)	Waters XBridge BEH C18 (150 mm×3 mm, 5 μm)	-	0.7, 0.5, 0.7	[40]
	OA, DTX-1	urine	V_sample:V_MeOH: V_10%_{trichloroacetic}_acid:V_ACN=10:4:1:5	none	Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)	-	-	[34]
		blood	V_sample:V_75%_MeOH=1:4	none		-	-
		feces	m_sample:V_MeOH=1:4	none		-	-
TTX	TTX	urine, plasma	V_sample:V_2%_AA=1:4	SPE (C18 and HILIC cartridges)	Agilent Atlantics dC18 (150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm)	2.5-20, 2.5-500	0.13	[41]
	TTX	urine	V_sample:V_0.1%_AA=1:1	online SPE (SCX and C18 cartridges)	HALO Penta-HILIC (75 mm×3 mm, 2.7 μm)	2.80-249	0.3	[42]
	TTX	urine blood	V_sample:V_ACN=1:10 V_sample:V_ACN=1:10	SPE (amide cartridge) SPE (CBA cartridge)	Agilent Zorbax HILIC Plus (100 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm)	1-25 0.5-200	0.5 0.25	[43]
	TTX	urine, blood	V_sample:V_H₂O: V_{IS(voglibose)}=1:1:4	SPE (PCX cartridge)	Agilent PC HILIC (150 mm×2 mm, 5 μm)	2-1200	0.32	[44]
PSP	STX, NEO	urine	V_sample:V_H₂O:V_MeOH: V_ACN=2:2:1:10	SPE (PA cartridge)	Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)	0.5-99.2, 2.1-207	0.2, 1	[45]
	STX, NEO	urine	V_sample:V_IS(¹⁵N7-STX): V_phosphate_buffer=20:1:40	online SPE (WCX cartridge)	Waters Atlantis Silica HILIC (50 mm×1 mm, 2 μm)	-	4.8, 10.1	[46]
	NEO	urine	V_sample:V_phosphate_buffer=1:5	SPE (CCX cartridge)	Waters Atlantis Silica HILIC (50 mm×2.1 mm, 3 μm)	0.01-1	0.001	[47]
ASP	DA	urine	V_sample:V_MeOH=1:1	SPE (PAX cartridge)	Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)	-	0.12	[48]
	DA	urine plasma	V_sample:V_MeOH:V_H₂O=1:49:50 V_sample:V_MeOH=1:2	none none	Phenomenex Synergi Hydro-RP (50 mm×2.0 mm, 2.5 μm)	0.31-16 7.8 -1000	- -	[49]
	DA	blood	V_sample:V_formic_acid:V_H₂O=50:1:50	SPE (HILIC cartridge)	Agilent Zorbax SB-C8 (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)	1.0-10.6	0.17	[50]
CTX	MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LA,	urine	V_sample:V_H₂O=1:24	SPE (C18 cartridge)	Waters HSS T3 C18 (50 mm×3 mm, 1.8 μm)	0.5-20	0.05, 0.05, 0.13, 0.14, 0.13, 0.05	[51]
	MC-LF, MC-LW, MC-YR	plasma, serum	V_sample:V₁₀₀_nmol/L_ZnSO₄=1:5	SPE (C18 cartridge)		0.25-10	0.08, 0.08, 0.30, 0.30, 0.30, 0.08

Toxin classifica- tion	Analyte	Matrix	Extraction solvent	Purification method	Analytical column	Quantitative range/ (ng/mL)	LOD/ (ng/mL)	Ref.
TTX: tetrodotoxin; STX: saxitoxin; NEO: neosaxitoxin; DA: domoic acid; MC: microcystin; MeOH: methanol; ACN: acetonitrile; AA: acetic acid; SCX: strong citation exchange; CBA: carboxyl bonded amide; PCX: polymer citation exchange; PA: polyamide; WCX: weak citation exchange; CCX: carboxyl citation exchange; PAX: polymer anion exchange; -: not mentioned.
DSP	OA, DTX-1, DTX-2	urine	V_sample:V_MeOH=1:4	SPE (C18 cartridge)	Waters XBridge BEH C18 (150 mm×3 mm, 5 μm)	-	0.7, 0.5, 0.7	[40]
	OA, DTX-1	urine	V_sample:V_MeOH: V_10%_{trichloroacetic}_acid:V_ACN=10:4:1:5	none	Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)	-	-	[34]
		blood	V_sample:V_75%_MeOH=1:4	none		-	-
		feces	m_sample:V_MeOH=1:4	none		-	-
TTX	TTX	urine, plasma	V_sample:V_2%_AA=1:4	SPE (C18 and HILIC cartridges)	Agilent Atlantics dC18 (150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm)	2.5-20, 2.5-500	0.13	[41]
	TTX	urine	V_sample:V_0.1%_AA=1:1	online SPE (SCX and C18 cartridges)	HALO Penta-HILIC (75 mm×3 mm, 2.7 μm)	2.80-249	0.3	[42]
	TTX	urine blood	V_sample:V_ACN=1:10 V_sample:V_ACN=1:10	SPE (amide cartridge) SPE (CBA cartridge)	Agilent Zorbax HILIC Plus (100 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm)	1-25 0.5-200	0.5 0.25	[43]
	TTX	urine, blood	V_sample:V_H₂O: V_{IS(voglibose)}=1:1:4	SPE (PCX cartridge)	Agilent PC HILIC (150 mm×2 mm, 5 μm)	2-1200	0.32	[44]
PSP	STX, NEO	urine	V_sample:V_H₂O:V_MeOH: V_ACN=2:2:1:10	SPE (PA cartridge)	Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)	0.5-99.2, 2.1-207	0.2, 1	[45]
	STX, NEO	urine	V_sample:V_IS(¹⁵N7-STX): V_phosphate_buffer=20:1:40	online SPE (WCX cartridge)	Waters Atlantis Silica HILIC (50 mm×1 mm, 2 μm)	-	4.8, 10.1	[46]
	NEO	urine	V_sample:V_phosphate_buffer=1:5	SPE (CCX cartridge)	Waters Atlantis Silica HILIC (50 mm×2.1 mm, 3 μm)	0.01-1	0.001	[47]
ASP	DA	urine	V_sample:V_MeOH=1:1	SPE (PAX cartridge)	Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)	-	0.12	[48]
	DA	urine plasma	V_sample:V_MeOH:V_H₂O=1:49:50 V_sample:V_MeOH=1:2	none none	Phenomenex Synergi Hydro-RP (50 mm×2.0 mm, 2.5 μm)	0.31-16 7.8 -1000	- -	[49]
	DA	blood	V_sample:V_formic_acid:V_H₂O=50:1:50	SPE (HILIC cartridge)	Agilent Zorbax SB-C8 (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)	1.0-10.6	0.17	[50]
CTX	MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LA,	urine	V_sample:V_H₂O=1:24	SPE (C18 cartridge)	Waters HSS T3 C18 (50 mm×3 mm, 1.8 μm)	0.5-20	0.05, 0.05, 0.13, 0.14, 0.13, 0.05	[51]
	MC-LF, MC-LW, MC-YR	plasma, serum	V_sample:V₁₀₀_nmol/L_ZnSO₄=1:5	SPE (C18 cartridge)		0.25-10	0.08, 0.08, 0.30, 0.30, 0.30, 0.08

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