Super stable capillary electrophoresis: theory and examples

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1123.2020.07038

Abstract

Abstract:

Capillary electrophoresis is often plagued by unstable and unrepeatable results. In this paper, some novel modes are derived theoretically and illustrated by separation examples, as expected these modes can resist the change of some conditions under certain prerequisites and obtain super stable electropherograms. They are weighted mobility spectrometry, migrated charge spectrometry, charge density spectrometry, molar charge density spectrometry, diffusion coefficient spectrometry, liquid-phase mass spectrometry, and their ratio spectrometry. The first four are real-time measurement modes while the others are post-experimental modes. These modes need to develop new devices and algorithm, but they are all highly promising and worth of further exploitation.

Key words: capillary electrophoresis (CE), non-time measurement, super stable model, theoretical deduction, examples

CHEN Yi. Super stable capillary electrophoresis: theory and examples[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2020, 38(10): 1217-1223.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Impact of electric field strength on (a) time, (b) weighted mobility, (c) migrated charge and (d) charge density spectra measured by CE-LIF CE-LIF: capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence detection. Capillary: 7 cm/13 cm (LR /total length)×50 μm ID; buffer: 5 mmol/L borax at pH 9.20; sample: fluorescein (FITC)-derived amino acids. The time spectra were measured in my lab by Dr. GUO Chao while the others were recalculated and replotted according to equation (12).

Fig. 2 Changes of (a) time, (b) weighted mobility, (c) migrated charge and (d) charge density spectra with capillary size and electric field The conditions are the same as in Fig. 1 .

Fig. 3 Impact of buffer concentration on (a) weighted mobility, (b) migrated charge, (c) charge density and (d) molar charge density spectra The other conditions are the same as in Fig. 1 .

Fig. 4 Changes of migration time and migrated charge density with temperature Capillary: 50 cm/56.8 cm (LR /total length)×50 μm ID; buffer: 3 mol/L acetic acid and 0.1% (w/v) hydroxyethyl cellulose; sample: 3.0 mg/mL human hemoglobin. The other conditions are the same as in Fig. 1 .

Fig. 5 Diffusion coefficient spectrum measured from a mixed sample by capillary electrophoresis[22] Capillary: 37 cm/55 cm (LR /total length)×75 μm ID; buffer: 10 mmol/L 3-(cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid at pH 9.00; voltage: 10 kV.

Fig. 6 (a) LMS and (b) MS spectra of polyethylene glycol (5 kD) a. recalculated from the data in ref. [25]; b. replotted from ref. [25].

References

1	Chen Y. Capillary Electrophoretic Techniques and Applications. 3rd ed. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press Co., Ltd, 2019
1	陈义.毛细管电泳技术及应用.第3版.北京: 化学工业出版社, 2019
2	Kodama S , Yamamoto A , Terashima H , et al. Electrophoresis, 2005, 26 (21): 4070
3	Melanson J E , Baryla N E , Lucy C A . TrAC-Trends Anal Chem, 2001, 20 (6/7): 365
4	Schwer C , Kenndler E . Anal Chem, 1991, 63 (17): 1801
5	Guo C , Guo Z , Chen Y . Anal Bioanal Chem, 2019, 411 (18): 4113
6	Horvath J , Dolník V . Electrophoresis, 2001, 22 (4): 644
7	Tma P , Samcová E , ?tulík K . Anal Chim Acta, 2011, 685 (1): 84
8	Hjerten S . J Chromatogr A, 1985, 347 (1): 191
9	Lee T T , Yeung E S . Anal Chem, 1991, 63 (24): 2842
10	Córdova E , Gao J , Whitesides G M . Anal Chem, 1997, 69 (7): 1370
11	Stathakis C , Cassidy R M . Anal Chem, 1994, 66 (13): 2110
12	Jones W , Jandik P . J Chromatogr A, 1991, 546 (1/2): 445
13	Lee Y-H , Lin T-I . J Chromatogr A, 1994, 680 (1): 287
14	Huang X , Luckey J A , Gordon M J , et al. Anal Chem, 1989, 61 (7): 766
15	Lee C S , Blanchard W C , Wu C T . Anal Chem, 1990, 62 (14): 1550
16	Ghowsi K , Gale R J . J Chromatogr A, 1991, 559 (1/2): 95
17	Zhu Y , Chen Y . Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 1998, 26 (4): 373
17	朱英 , 陈义 . 分析化学, 1998, 26 (4): 373
18	Zhu Y , Chen Y . Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 1999, 20 (10): 1533
18	朱英 , 陈义 . 高等学校化学学报, 1999, 20 (10): 1533
19	Yang J , Bose S , Hage D S . J Chromatogr A, 1996, 735 (1/2): 209
20	Zhang H Y , Li Q F , Liu H T , et al. Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2000, 21 (12): 1832
20	张红医 , 李前锋 , 刘惠涛 , et al. 高等学校化学学报, 2000, 21 (12): 1832
21	Li B , Petersen N J , Andersen L H , et al. Electrophoresis, 2013, 34 (12): 1787
22	Yang S , Zhang Y , Liao T , et al. Electrophoresis, 2010, 31 (17): 2949
23	DoiM, Edwards S F. The Theory of Polymer Dynamics. New York: Oxford Science Publications, 1986
24	Rubinstein M, Colby R H. Polymer Physics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003
25	Guo Z P.[PhD Dissertation]. Beijing: Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2008
25	郭振朋.[博士学位论文].北京: 中国科学院研究生院, 2008

[1]	WEN Yalun, SHAO Yuchen, ZHAO Xinying, QU Feng. Annual review of capillary electrophoresis technology in 2022 [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2023, 41(5): 377-385.
[2]	MA Yao, HU Yangyang, ZHENG Liting, CHEN Li, ZHAO Xinying, QU Feng. Annual review of capillary electrophoresis technology in 2021 [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2022, 40(7): 591-599.
[3]	CHI Zhongmei, YANG Li. Advances in chiral separation and analysis by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2022, 40(6): 509-519.
[4]	LI Chao, WANG Qi, ZHANG Zhaoxiang. Field-amplified sample injection and graphene quantum dot dual preconcentration in the analysis of melamine and dicyandiamide by capillary electrophoresis [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2022, 40(3): 289-295.
[5]	ZHANG Piwang, YANG Liye, LIU Qiang, LU Shangui, LIANG Ying, ZHANG Min. Multimaterial 3D-printed contactless conductivity/laser-induced fluorescence dual-detection cell for capillary electrophoresis [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2021, 39(8): 921-926.
[6]	JIANG Haowen, LI Jian, TAN Zhiqiang, GUO Yingying, LIU Yanwei, HU Ligang, YIN Yongguang, CAI Yong, JIANG Guibin. Application of non-stationary phase separation hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the analysis of trace metal-containing nanoparticles in the environment [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2021, 39(8): 855-869.
[7]	HAN Shimiao, ZHAO Liping, YANG Ge, QU Feng. Efficient screening for 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase binding aptamers via capillary electrophoresis [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2021, 39(7): 721-729.
[8]	WEI Bo, MA Yao, TIAN Wenzhe, ZHAO Xinying, QU Feng. Annual review of capillary electrophoresis technology in 2020 [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2021, 39(6): 559-566.
[9]	QIN Shaojie, BAI Yu, LIU Huwei. Methods and applications of single-cell proteomics analysis based on mass spectrometry [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2021, 39(2): 142-151.
[10]	WANG Yuanyu, ZHANG Ruihua, ZHANG Qiang, CAO Chengxi, FAN Liuyin, LIU Weiwen. Determination of two quaternary ammonium salts in disinfector by portable capillary electrophoresis device based on smartphone [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2021, 39(11): 1151-1156.
[11]	BAI Yu, FAN Yufan, GE Guangbo, WANG Fangjun. Advances in chromatography in the study of drug-plasma protein interactions [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2021, 39(10): 1077-1085.
[12]	ZHAO Yi, MA Yao, WEI Bo, TIAN Wenzhe, ZHAO Xinying, QU Feng. Annual review of capillary electrophoresis technology in 2019 [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2020, 38(9): 986-992.
[13]	LIN Changying, DING Xiaojing. Application, development, and challenges of capillary electrophoresis in disease prevention and control [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2020, 38(9): 999-1012.
[14]	WANG Yuchen, WANG Yanmei. Application of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) in protein separation by capillary electrophoresis [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2020, 38(9): 1022-1027.
[15]	ZHANG Qi. Recent advance of novel chiral separation systems in capillary electrophoresis [J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2020, 38(9): 1028-1037.